Desigualdade de oportunidades educacionais no Brasil: o caso do ensino superior

Abstract

In the last two decades, starting from the second half of the 90´s the Brazilian educational system was characterized by several changes throughout diverse transformations, such as universalization of the fundamental education, as well as remarkable growth in the secondary school enrollment and increased by the higher education admissions, establishing its recent expansion. Being these expansion of access one of the dimensions (pillars) in the democratization of education as a means of securing the possibility for the different social actors to have the opportunity to gain public education independently of their social origins, this job has the objective to demonstrate how groups of individuals traditionally and historically excludes have been embraced by the democratization of access. The present paper is about a descriptive research from the national data base with relation to individuals who has access or not to the countries higher education and their social characteristics in special to social demographics attributes, families, economies and social occupations. The information have been selected from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) held by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) for the years 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011 they represent time intervals that correspond to specific periods, associated with presidential political cycles - President Fernando Henrique Cardoso from 1995 to 2002; President Lula 2003-2010; and President Dilma 2011. Among the various changes observed from the analysis of micro-social aspects of the graduate groups are: the greater inclusion of individuals pardos (browns), blacks and Indians; Increasing in the number of individuals from families with a per capita family income of up to 1.5 minimum wage; the growing number of individuals over the age of 34; and the greater involvement of people living in the Northeast, North and Midwest in non-metropolitan areas. As this is a social phenomenon that is in full operation today, it is premature to state that the democratization of access to this level of education actually materialized, since adjustments in educational policies and various programs can and should happen in order to achieve this goal. However, the results of this study point out that the observed changes suggest that this is the way to equalize these educational opportunities.