O freudomarxismo de Reich, Fromm e Adorno e suas contribuições para a definição do objeto da psicologia

Abstract

Throughout the 19th century, the scientific development psychology and sociology as disciplines takes place on the European continent. In general, one can say that psychology had the study of individuals as its object, through notions such as consciousness, mind, and behavior. On the other hand, sociology, studied society, defined as system of classes and institutions. Thus, individual and society were separate concepts, and there was little interest in their possible articulations. In the early twentieth century, in turn, challenging this distance between these fields gains more and more relevance. Sociologists became interested in the social mediations responsible for the individuation phenomenon, while psychologists developed social psychology, incorporating in their investigations the collective influences on the individual. In this approximation between the two sciences, Freudo-Marxism emerges as a theoretical view that aims at integrating Freudian psychology and Marxist sociology in the same analytical system, without reducing one to the other. In this context, this study seeks to analyze the main aspects of the Freudo-Marxism of Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm and Theodor Adorno that have contributed to a better definition of the psychological science‟s object, especially when confronting the object of sociology. For this, Reich‟s sexual economy, Fromm‟s analytical social psychology, and the tensions between psychology and sociology according to Adorno are considered to discuss the legitimacy, differences, and complementarity of these two sciences. Moreover, Freud‟s concepts of drive, unconscious, repression, and identification are specifically analyzed from the materialistic historical perspective of the Freudo-Marxists. Their dynamic relationships evidence the psychological dimension of their theories.