Dependência de exercício físico e variáveis associadas à prática do triathlon em atletas brasileiros

Abstract

Exercise dependence (ED) is characterized by a compulsive behavioral pattern in which individuals feel compelled to engage in physical activity, even when facing physical, emotional, or social harm. This phenomenon is frequently observed in endurance sports, such as triathlon, yet lacks formal diagnostic criteria, being considered a multifactorial construct. This doctoral thesis aimed to investigate exercise dependence in Brazilian triathletes and its possible correlated variables. The investigation comprised two main studies. Study 1 was a systematic review of the literature concerning prevalence, assessment tools, correlates, and methodological challenges in the analysis of ED among triathletes. Prevalence rates ranged from 5.5% to 20%, with ED being associated with extrinsic motivation, eating disorders, body dissatisfaction, athletic identity, and low energy availability. Study 2 was an epidemiological survey with a cross-sectional quantitative design, conducted with 1,032 Brazilian triathletes of both sexes. Participants were recruited through digital strategies in collaboration with the Brazilian Triathlon Confederation (CBTRI) and completed validated instruments including the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R), Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), Female Muscularity Scale (FMS), Sport Body-Checking and Dissatisfaction Scale (EICCE), and the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-Br). Results showed that 11.1% of the athletes were at risk for ED. Statistically significant sex differences were observed in the EDS-R subscales of Tolerance, Withdrawal, and Lack of Control. Logistic regression analysis identified training frequency, extrinsic motivation, history of overtraining, and age under 30 years as predictors of ED. Findings reinforce that ED is associated with dysfunctional motivational patterns and body control concerns, particularly among younger triathletes with high training engagement. It is concluded that ED is a relevant phenomenon within Brazilian triathlon and should be considered in mental health promotion and preventive strategies in sports.