Medidas não tarifárias ambientais no comércio global: um mapeamento das políticas comerciais e seus efeitos

Abstract

This study aimed to provide an overview of the adoption of environmental non-tariff measures (NTMs), seeking to understand their impacts on international trade flows and global climate governance. A qualitative and descriptive approach was adopted, based on a narrative literature review of national and international studies, complemented by a descriptive analysis of information obtained from databases and documents issued by international organizations, particularly the World Trade Organization (WTO). First, the concepts and classifications of non-tariff measures were discussed, with emphasis on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), and Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS). Subsequently, the relationship between international trade and environmental issues was examined, as well as the effects of these measures on competitiveness, innovation, and countries' participation in global value chains. The findings indicate that environmental NTMs produce ambiguous effects, since while they may serve as legitimate public policy instruments by encouraging innovation, reducing information asymmetries, and promoting more sustainable production and consumption patterns, they may also increase compliance costs and operate as disguised trade barriers. The analysis further revealed the growing use of environmental policies linked to industrial and trade strategies, particularly among developed economies, highlighting the need for adaptation by developing countries. It is concluded that environmental requirements have evolved from being perceived merely as additional costs to becoming strategic elements of international competitiveness, demanding coordinated responses from governments and the productive sector.