Sementes de resistência: agroecologia como um projeto coletivo de articulação entre lutas sociais do campo e da cidade

Abstract

The paper reflects on the inseparability between the Agrarian Question and the Environmental Question in Brazil, based on the concept of social metabolism formulated by Marx (2013) and the analysis made by Foster (2005). The research analyzes the historical formation of the Brazilian agrarian structure, marked by large estates, monoculture, and compulsory labor by enslaved people, highlighting how these elements structure a predatory relationship with the land and deepen social, racial, and territorial inequalities. It also discusses the role of conservative modernization in the countryside, intensified by the Green Revolution and updated by Industry 4.0 technologies, and its socio-environmental impacts, such as increased land concentration, the expropriation of peasants, indigenous peoples, and traditional communities, as well as worsening food insecurity. Based on a critique of the notion of the Anthropocene (MARQUES, 2018), in dialogue with the perspective of the Capitalocene, it is clear that environmental degradation and metabolic rift stem from a specific system of production organization and not from human action in the abstract. In this context, agroecology is understood as an alternative and popular political project, capable of articulating work, nature, territory, and food sovereignty in opposition to the agribusiness model. Based on concrete experiences of popular resistance, notably the Solidarity Planting Project developed by the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in the Zona da Mata Mineira region, and the Feijão de Ogum project, which demonstrate the possibility of rebuilding social metabolism through collective organization, class solidarity, and coordination between rural and urban areas. Finally, the work reaffirms the importance of social movements in building alternatives to the structural crisis of capital and highlights the role of Social Work in the critical analysis of reality and the defense of social rights.