Teoria das oportunidades e policiamento comunitário: uma combinação contraditória?

Abstract

This study develops a historical and sociological trajectory, with the intention of diagnosing, initially, the radical change of the answers to the public security, before to the emergent tendency of fall of the supposed monopoly of the State on the control of the crime. In this scenery, there emerges a new surface of politics and contradictory practices objected to the orthodoxy of the century XX, specially in the penal field. The main characteristic is the ambivalent constituted context, pray for a new conception of administration of the risks, pray for a retrograde feeling of vengeance, in other words, there is more wish for punishment to the same step that the strategies enlarge for prevention. In the last three decades, specially in the hegemonic countries, the culture of the fear and of the administration of the uncertainties, sustain in measures based on a criminology more and more skeptical of the fact that the crime is given rise of social complex problems. Like this, the victim assumes a more representative paper and his experience becomes, increasingly, more common and collective, unlike that individual and atypical. This process feeds the political discussions and the public politics what they stimulate, on a side the informal controls, with the active participation of the common citizen, for other the rebirth of a Justice of punitive and retaliatory nature. Both strategies take the focus as a characteristic in the social control and in good part of the times they stimulate the culture of the horror to a stranger and consequently they produce answers worried about the exclusion and the isolation of what they "opted" for the delinquent run. To give support the good part of the contemporary answers of administration and constant modification of the public spaces, the criminology offers, then, the Theories of the Opportunities, for which they look to explain the criminal act or the disorder fundamentally as result of actions favored by opportunities and by rational evaluation of costs and benefits. In that course, Brazil reproduces the same neoliberal strategies and/or North American conservatives, under the foundation of the Theories of the Opportunities that support much methodologies of control incorporated by the police institutions inside the idea of partnership police officer-community, as well as the biggest project of institutional reform and of philosophy of work that receives the label of community policing. The main hypothesis of that research is it of that the practices under the label of community policing, in certain sceneries, aided in methodologies fed by the Theories of the Opportunities, they expose an enormous contradiction: on a side, the initiatives become attached to democratic values and to the human rights, for other, promote the space and informational segregation, specially in the contexts of relations of power in which there prevails the politicization of the speeches, the predominance of the market (privatization is read) as provider of the resources for the security, and the actuarial and excluding measures of the least favored or of the subjects already "well-known".