Estrutura e dinâmica trófica das comunidades aquáticas em riachos de Mata Atlântica: influência do gradiente de impactos em escala local e de microbacia

Abstract

Numerous anthropic impacts have been affecting aquatic ecosystems. Identifying responses of aquatic biota to these impacts remains a major challenge for ecologists. In order to determine these responses on different levels of biological organization and their interfaces, the trophic ecology of the fish and the food web structure and dynamics were analyzed in 20 streams (3rd order) of four watersheds in the Mata Atlântica (RJ). These streams are arranged in a gradient of impacts related to the watershed land use and the local structural and limnological features. Stomach contents and stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of fish and their food resources (macroinvertebrates and basal resources) were analyzed. The gradients of some impacts on the local scale (% canopy cover) and the microbasin (land use and nutrient input) affected the structural and functional integrity of aquatic communities (Chapters 1, 3 and 4). Variations in the proportion of fish trophic guilds and connections with their resources were identified (Chapter 1), with the increase of the guilds of Detritivores and Detritivorousinsectivores in high concentration of total nitrogen, high turbidity and low temperature. The metric H2 (Food web specialization) was related to streams with higher canopy cover, indicating a high resource partitioning among the fish species (Chapter 1). Values of periphyton δ13C were higher in streams with lower canopy cover, while δ15N values were related to the set of impacts at the local and the regional scale (Chapter 2). Isotopic variation in the biota were in part a reflection of the variation of the periphyton (Chapter 2), which is the main source of basal carbon for aquatic consumers (Chapter 3), and in part of the variation of diet within the guilds (Chapters 3 and 4), influencing the trophic position of some fish species and guilds (Chapter 4), such as Insectivores and Detritivores, and the species Gymnotus pantherinus and Astyanax spp.. Influences of the impact gradients upon the biota compartments were summarized in conceptual diagrams (Chapter 3), showing the variations of the isotopic values of all the consumers (insects and fish), and the changes in the proportion of insects consumed by all the fish trophic guilds. The results show that the impact gradients, both local and regional, determine the structure and trophic dynamics of aquatic communities, and it is not always possible to isolate their effects. At the same time that it demonstrated some idiosyncratic effects, the present work allowed to identify patterns of response of aquatic communities related of the main impacts suffered by lotic systems in tropical environments.