A gramaticalização de marcadores discursivos com verbos de percepção visual em configuração imperativa: uma análise construcional

Abstract

The present work intends to include the discourse markers (henceforth DMs) derived from the verbs of visual perception "olhar" and "ver" in imperative configuration and in second person (P2) within the approach of grammaticalization of constructions (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2010a, 2011a, 2011c; NOËL, 2007; BYBEE, 2010, 2011; FISCHER, 2011; GISBORNE & PATTEN, 2011; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013). It is in this context that we (i) demonstrate that the development of such MDs includes, among other features, increase of schematicity and productivity and decrease in compositionality, that are important aspects of the approach of grammaticalization of constructions (TRAUGOTT, 2011c; TEIXEIRA & OLIVEIRA, 2012) and (ii) propose a systematization of these DMs based on the four levels of schematicity that are proposed by Traugott (2008a, 2008b) – macroconstruction, meso-construction, micro-construction and construct. In order to prove these hypotheses, we accomplished a panchronic analysis that is represented by samples of spoken Portuguese and samples of the written language through the following corpora: the corpus of the “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, the corpus of “PEUL – Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” and the corpus of “NURC/RJ – Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”, the corpus of “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” and the corpus of “Tycho Brahe” project. Our analysis is done from the equation between the consideration of the frequency of use (BYBEE, 2003, 2011; VITRAL, 2006; MARTELOTTA, 2009) and the achievement of a qualitative treatment of data, since our intention is to define the process of grammaticalization of the analysed DMs and to describe and interpret the specific contexts of use of each DM. The results indicate that the constructional schema visual perception verb in imperative configuration and in P2, which operates in calling the listener’s attention, represents a macro-construction, that, with the mesoconstructions, would be responsible for the emergence of new constructions as well as for the establishment of a constructional network. We have also identified the following discursive contexts that, each one with its particular constructional pattern, integrate the meso-constructions: foreword, opinion/sustaining, reported speech, interjection and counter-expectation. In this context, we argue that the macroconstruction and the meso-constructions would be the basis for the development of DMs through the mechanism of analogy, that would be responsible for the emergence of new constructions as well as the for the establishment of constructional schema that is available to the speaker.